Air Pollution Threatens Children's Health: Expert Warns of Permanent Lung Damage, Premature Births

New Delhi, 18 November, 2024 - A growing body of evidence suggests that severe air pollution poses a significant threat to children's health, particularly those between one and five years old. The exposure to airborne pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can lead to permanent reduction in lung capacity, increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, and higher risk of developing chronic respiratory conditions in adulthood.

According to Dr Rajesh Chawla, senior consultant, respiratory and critical care, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Delhi, studies indicate that children aged 5-10 years may experience decreased lung function growth, increased susceptibility to respiratory infections, and higher risk of developing chronic respiratory conditions in adulthood. "Research shows that exposure during these critical periods can lead to structural changes in airways and altered immune responses," he says.

The threat posed by severe air pollution is exacerbated by children's faster breathing rates and closer proximity to the ground, which allows pollutants to penetrate deep into their lungs, causing inflammation and irritation of the airways. "Children are more vulnerable to air pollution because they breathe faster and are closer to the ground," Dr Chawla warns.

Dr Nikhil Modi, a pulmonologist, agrees that air pollution can have devastating effects on children's health. "Fine particles (PM2.5 with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less) can cross the alveolar barrier and get into the bloodstream, potentially impacting other organs and exacerbating systemic inflammation," he explains.

Parents are urged to take immediate action to reduce their child's exposure to air pollution. Limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution hours, using air quality apps to track pollution levels, and employing air purifiers with HEPA filters can make a significant difference in reducing indoor pollution from dust, smoke, and cooking.

"It is crucial for parents to provide an antioxidant-rich diet, including fruits and vegetables like spinach, carrots, and citrus fruits, to boost lung health and combat oxidative stress caused by pollutants," Dr Chawla advises. Additionally, maintaining indoor plants known for air purification, such as spider plants or snake plants, can help improve indoor air quality naturally.

For children with pre-existing health conditions, parents should establish a comprehensive healthcare plan with their pediatrician, including regular monitoring of respiratory function and allergic responses. Regular spirometry testing and telemedicine consultations during high pollution days are essential, Dr Chawla stresses.

The impact of air pollution on pregnant women is also significant. Studies have shown that prenatal exposure to air pollution can lead to increased risks of low birth weight, premature births, and developmental issues. Pregnant women should minimize outdoor exposure during high pollution periods, wear N95 masks when outdoors, and limit physical activity during high pollution periods.

In summary, air pollution poses a significant threat to children's health, particularly those between one and five years old. Parents must take immediate action to reduce their child's exposure to air pollution, employ preventive measures at home, and work closely with healthcare professionals to ensure their child receives the necessary care and support.